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If a patient comes in for a screening colonoscopy and has an unknown history due to being adopted can a high risk be assumed or is it still an average risk colonoscopy?
Interpretation of Family Health History
Red flags are indications that there may be an increased genetic risk and the need for more in-depth probing. The primary red flag for most common diseases is a large number of affected relatives with the same or related condition. Premature onset of disease is also a genetic risk factor and varies depending on the disease ( Table 3 ).
A number of methods have been proposed for assessing and stratifying risk in the presence of red flags. Scheuner and colleagues[19] stratify risk based on family history into 3 groups: high, moderate, and average.
High Risk
Premature disease in a first-degree relative;
Premature disease in a second-degree relative (coronary artery disease only);
Two affected first-degree relatives;
One first-degree relative with late or unknown disease onset and an affected second-degree relative with premature disease from the same lineage;
Two second-degree maternal or paternal relatives with at least 1 having premature onset of disease;
Three or more affected maternal or paternal relatives; or
Presence of a "moderate-risk" family history on both sides of the pedigree.
Moderate Risk
One first-degree relative with late or unknown onset of disease; or
Two second-degree relatives from the same lineage with late or unknown disease onset.
Average Risk
No affected relatives;
Only 1 affected second-degree relative from one or both sides of the family;
No known family history; or
Adopted person with unknown family history.
Authors and Disclosures
Lorie M. Vandenbusche, MSN, FNP, Kent State University, College of Nursing, Kent, Ohio
Disclosure: Lorie M. Vandenbusche, MSN, FNP, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.