The simpler way of saying what the Telephone Services codes (99441-99443) are for, is that the patient calls in with a problem and the licensed provider gets on the phone and talks to them. It is not for a scheduled appointment. If the provider decides to see the patient within 24 hours OR at the next available urgent appointment slot, then you do NOT bill for the phone call, it is included in the E&M service.
If the patient calls within seven days of an office visit they've already had, or it is within the postop period of a procedure, it is also NOT billed (whether you told the patient to call and check in or not).
Unless an insurance company sends out a notice stating that patients can be treated via phone call, and how to bill that, then I wouldn't try to bill it. If the patient wants a phone visit, and the provider agrees to a phone visit, then it's cash pay.