The bulbourethral glands are a pair of pea–sized exocrine glands located at the base of the penis, lateral and parallel to the urethra, in the deep perineal pouch, surrounded by the fascial layers of the sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle. They connect to the urethra through a single excretory duct at the base of the penis. The glands are responsible for pre–ejaculatory secretion of a clear, viscous seminal fluid that helps clean and lubricate the urethra while neutralizing the acidity of the urethra for the smooth passing of the semen. The glands also produce a small amount of prostate–specific antigen. The Cowper's glands may be excised for malignancy or other abnormality such as cysts in the gland (Cowper's syringocele) or infection. Diagnostic procedures include retrograde and voiding urethrography, perineal MRI, or cavernosography.
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