"It is a very dangerous modifier because a lot of times people think of it as a license to unbundle," says Barbara Cobuzzi, MBA, CPC, ChBME, president of Cash Flow Solutions in Lakewood, N.J. "If you disagree with a bundle that is part of NCCI, using -59 because you're mad about the bundle isn't appropriate," Cobuzzi warns. "Yes, you can get paid, but should you? Can you defend modifier -59's use and defend that you weren't committing fraud?"
To test whether you're using -59 appropriately, ask yourself the following questions:
1. Does the component second procedure represent a separate site of surgery?
2. Did the component separate procedure occur during a separate session?
3. Could I defend my use of modifier -59 to my peers?
4. Does the physician documentation support using modifier -59?
5. Does the NCCI allow me to use modifier -59?
If you answer "yes" to each of these questions, you're probably safe to append modifier -59. If not, think long and hard before putting that -59 on your claim.
A lot of the confusion about modifier -59 might come from the modifier indicators in NCCI, says consultant Cindy Parman, CPC, CPC-H, with Coding Strategies Inc. in Atlanta. If the status indicator is "0," that means the "modifier will not bypass [the] bundling edit," and a "1" means the "modifier is allowed and will bypass [the] edit," she says.
Lesson: That doesn't mean, however, that if the indicator is "1," you should use the modifier, Parman says. "When a code combination lists indicator '1,' it means that if the documentation supports a separately identifiable service [and the clinical circumstances meet the above criteria] then it is appropriate to apply modifier -59." But if the physician performed both services in the same session and one service "was integral to the other," you absolutely should not use modifier -59.
Think of -59 as the "modifier of last resort," Parman tells coders. Before using it, run through the other modifiers to see if a different one is more appropriate. "Examples would be -76/-77 (Repeat procedure by same physician/Repeat procedure by another physician), -58 (Staged or related procedure or service by the same physician during the postoperative period) or -78/-79 (Return to the operating room for a related procedure during the postoperative period/Unrelated procedure or service by the same physician during the postoperative period)," she says.