Pediatric Coding Alert

Can you navigate the intricacies of inpatient E/M services? Check these expert solutions.

You may be able to select outpatient E/M codes (99201-99215) with your eyes closed, but inpatient E/M coding can be a bit more tricky. With auditors scrutinizing E/M billing like never before, you should consider these commonly-asked questions to get the lowdown on how to report your hospital services.

Physician Presence May Dictate Code

Question: Our pediatrician saw a patient in the office, then admitted her to the hospital later the same day. Can we bill for the office visit and the first day of admission, or do we just bill for the hospital stay?

Answer: The answer depends on whether the physician sees the patient on the same day in the hospital.

Scenario 1: If the physician sees the patient in the hospital on the same day he saw her in the office, you're looking at two face-to-face visits on the same date. Report only the appropriate initial hospital care code (99221-99223, Initial hospital care, per day, for the evaluation and management of a patient ...). According to CPT coding guidelines, all initial hospital care services that begin in another place of location (such as the physician's office) should be combined and coded using the appropriate level of initial hospital care.

Since the 99221-99223 code will include the E/M provided in the office, you'll report an initial hospital care code that includes the work done in both sites of service; this may lead to coding a higher level of initial hospital care than if you were considering the hospital services alone.

Scenario 2: If, however, the physician does not see the patient face-to-face in the hospital until the next day, bill each encounter separately. Choose the appropriate office visit code (99201-99205, Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of a new patient ...) or 99212-99215(Office or other outpatient visit for the evaluation and management of an established patient ...) for the office visit on day one. Then add an initial hospital care code from 99221-99223 for day two, when the physician sees the patient face-to-face in the hospital for the first time.

Remember that CPT uses initial hospital care codes to describe the first hospital inpatient encounter by the admitting physician. After that, you'll report subsequent hospital care codes, 99231-99233 (Subsequent hospital care, per day, for the evaluation and management of a patient . . .), until the date of discharge. When the physician discharges the patient, you'll submit the appropriate hospital discharge day code, 99238 or 99239.

8 Hours May Be Magic Number for Same-Day Admit, Discharge

Question: Our pediatrician admitted a patient to the hospital at 10:30 a.m., and later that same day another pediatrician from our group discharged the patient (at 3:30 p.m.) The admitting physician wants to bill a 99223 and the discharge physician wants to bill a 99217. Which code(s) should each physician report?

Answer: The answer to your question depends on several factors. First, you must determine whether the patient was admitted to inpatient status or to observation. That will help you at least review the appropriate code range. It appears that one of your physicians wants to bill an inpatient code (99223) whereas the other wants to bill a code from the observation range (99217). Therefore, it looks like even the physicians didn't clearly understand whether the patient was in observation status or an inpatient.

If you bill from the wrong section, it will impact you from not only a correct coding standpoint, but also possibly from a compliance and financial standpoint, since initial inpatient codes reimburse approximately 3.5 percent more than initial observation codes.

If you find that the patient was in observation care, the second issue you must consider is the amount of time that the patient spent in the hospital (five hours). When coding this case, your eyes may go to the 99234-99236 (Observation or inpatient hospital care, including admission and discharge on the same date), but you should avoid this section. Why? Medicare and many private payers require the patient to be in observation care for a minimum of eight hours to justify reporting this codeset.

In black and white: According to CMS Transmittal 1466, dated Feb. 22, 2008, "When a patient is admitted to observation status for less than 8 hours on the same calendar date, the physician shall report a code from CPT code range 99218-99220."

Therefore, if it's an observation patient, you should report a code from the initial observation (99218-99220) series.

Important: No matter which code you select, you should only report one code to represent both physicians' time with the patient, since they both work for your group and are the same specialty.

In black and white: "Physicians in the same group practice who are in the same specialty must bill and be paid as though they were a single physician," CMS says in Section 30.6.5 of the Medicare Claims Processing Manual, which many Medicaid and private payers follow. "If more than one evaluation and management (face-to-face) service is provided on the same day to the same patient by the same physician or more than one physician in the same specialty in the same group, only one evaluation and management service may be reported unless the evaluation and management services are for unrelated problems. Instead of billing separately, the physicians should select a level of service representative of the combined visits and submit the appropriate code for that level."

Document Full Inpatient E/M

Question: Our pediatrician documented no history whatsoever, and therefore, his documentation did not meet the minimum requirements for an initial hospital visit (99221-99223). Therefore, can we bill a subsequent visit (99231-99233)?

Answer: Since your physician documented no history, the answer depends on whether your physician was the admitting physician of record, or whether he simply provided a consultation during the patient's hospital stay. Typically, the admitting physician cannot report a subsequent care code for his first visit with the patient. If your physician admitted the patient to the hospital and did not document enough for even the lowest-level initial hospital care code (99221), you should offer him pointers from an education standpoint on how to appropriately code for this service. If he can't bill anything for his initial visit, you've written off about $100 in potential reimbursement (which you could have collected if he'd documented enough for 99221).

However, if another physician admitted the patient to the hospital and called your physician to provide a consult on the patient's condition, you may be able to report a subsequent hospital care code for your consultant's services. However, this is only true if your insurer no longer recognizes consultation codes (99241-99255). Medicare payers do not reimburse consultation codes anymore, but private payers might.

Background: CMS changed the requirements for who can bill a subsequent hospital care code after Medicare stopped recognizing consult codes for payment in 2010. According to Transmittal 2282, dated August 26, 2011,

In black and white: "Physicians may report a subsequent hospital care CPT code for services that were reported as CPT consultation codes (99241-99255) prior to January 1, 2010, where the medical record appropriately demonstrates that the work and medical necessity requirements are met for reporting a subsequent hospital care code (under the level selected), even though the reported code is for the provider's first E/M service to the inpatient during the hospital stay," the transmittal reads.

Because the transmittal referenced above was written to explain how to code in the absence of consult codes, you should apply this rule to your physician's consultation services and not to the rules guiding the admitting physician of record.