Pain Management Coding Alert

Tip: Don’t forget to pay attention to coding edits.

Knowing whether you can separately report fluoroscopic guidance for pain management injections can sometimes get tricky, even for experienced coders. Keep the following two steps in mind when reporting one common scenario: 64520 (Injection, anesthetic agent; lumbar or thoracic [paravertebral sympathetic]) with 77002 (Fluoroscopic guidance for needle placement [e.g., biopsy aspiration, injection, localization device]) or 77003 (Fluoroscopic guidance and localization of needle or catheter tip for spine or paraspinous diagnostic or therapeutic injection procedures [epidural or subarachnoid]). 

Area 1: Start With the Procedure Intention 

Your first step in knowing whether to report 77003 is to understand what’s being done and why. 

Foundation: The July 2008 CPT® Assistant shared a beginning point explanation: “Code 77002 is intended to be used to report fluoroscopic guidance during injection procedures when fluoroscopic guidance is required in the performance of needle placement in areas other than the spine, for pain management injection procedures…To differentiate, code 77002 rather than code 77003 should be reported to identify the fluoroscopic guidance performed in conjunction with injection codes 64400-64450, 64505-64530, 64600-64620, or 64630-64680, because this code more accurately describes the fluoroscopic guidance procedure performed for the anatomy involved. (i.e., these types of injections are not included in the list in the 77003 code descriptor)...”  

Interpretation: From a CPT® perspective, you should separately report 77002 for the fluoroscopic guidance of a lumbar sympathetic injection (64520). There are no CPT® parenthetical notes in the codebook advising you to do otherwise. The December 2010 CPT® Assistant, however, directs providers to submit 77003 rather than 77002 when reporting fluoroscopic guidance in conjunction with 64520 – which could lead to confusion. Pay attention to the details regarding fluoroscopy in a particular case to gauge which code is better suited.  

Area 2: Watch Your Coding Edits

Medicare, however, takes a different stance regarding fluoroscopic guidance with 64520. In January 2010, Medicare’s Correct Coding Initiative (CCI) edits bundled both 77002 and 77003 into the vast majority of the somatic (644XX) and sympathetic (645XX) nerve injection codes. 

Example: Both 77002 and 77003 are considered to be bundled as Column 2 codes into the comprehensive Column 1 code 64520 based on “Standards of medical/surgical practice.” Chapter 1 of the NCCI manual states, “Many NCCI edits are based on the standards of medical/surgical practice. Services that are integral to another service are component parts of the more comprehensive service. When integral component services have their own HCPCS/CPT® codes, NCCI edits place the comprehensive service in column one and the component service in column two. Since a component service integral to a comprehensive service is not separately reportable, the column two code is not separately reportable with the column one code.”

Translation: The edits mean that if you’re billing to Medicare or any commercial payer that also uses the NCCI edits to adjudicate claims, you would not separately bill for the fluoroscopic guidance (either 77002 or 77003). These NCCI edits do allow you to append a modifier (such as 59, Distinct procedural service) to 77002 or 77003 and report both procedures. 

Before taking that step, you need to ensure that the scenario and documentation meet the criteria to append modifier 59 (the fluoroscopic needle guidance was used with a different procedure that allows for separately billing 77002 or 77003). It is not appropriate to use a modifier to bypass the bundling edit if the fluoroscopic guidance was only used for the lumbar sympathetic injection.

Know the payer: Even with those coding restrictions in place, remember that not all payers follow the NCCI edits when considering claims. For those payers, you might still be allowed to report 77002 or 77003 with 64520.  

“This is one of the prime examples of the differences between the entity that creates the codes (AMA) and the payers who determine what they will or will not separately pay for,” says Marvel Hammer, RN, CPC, CCS-P, ACS-PM, CPCO, owner of MJH Consulting in Denver, Co. “As I sometimes cite the phrase, ‘He who has the gold has the right to make the rules!’” 

Bottom line: From a CPT® stance, you could separately report the 77002 or 77003 code for fluoroscopic guidance when performed with a lumbar sympathetic injection (64520).  However, payers may have bundling edits that differ from the AMA stance and consider the needle guidance to be bundled into the injection. Staying current with your payers’ guidelines will help you know when you can successfully submit both codes.