Spine surgeries can be performed for several reasons. There may be spinal deformity, such as scoliosis. There may be spinal instability from a fracture. There may also be the added issue of a herniated disc, where the intervertebral disk has shifted and is applying pressure to the spinal cord, causing severe nerve pain.
The vertebral column is made up of 24 movable vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx. The movable vertebrae are divided into (from the top) seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, and five lumbar vertebrae. Each vertebra consists of a vertebral body, vertebral foramen, facets, lamina, and spinous, articular and transverse processes. Understanding the form and shape of a vertebra and its parts, along with the layout of the spinal column, is necessary if the coder is to understand what is written in a spinal surgery operative report.