Advanced Search

Gastroenterology Coding Alert

Smart MDM Worth $35 a Pop

Published on Tue Apr 01, 2003

If you've been downcoding to a level-four office visit or lower just to play it safe, you may be missing out on some well-deserved reimbursement.

Facing CMS scrutiny of high-level office visit coding and complicated coding guidelines, many practices shy away from reporting 99215 for physician services to escape possible audits. However, you can avoid this problem by learning some clear-cut rules regarding criteria for high-level E/M visits.

Assuming your physician's services adequately qualify for a higher-level E/M code, it could mean the difference of about $30 to $35 as you move up the scale from a 99213 to a 99215.

E/M Level Takes Two out of Three

You use three components to determine the level of E/M service to report. These include the history taken at the time of visit, extent of physical examination, and medical decision-making (MDM). For office or other outpatient visits for established patients, you must meet two of the three criteria to bill for a specific level of care.

Most coders find the MDM piece of the puzzle the hardest to fit into place. Determining the differences among straightforward (S), low (L), moderate (M), and high (H) MDM can be an arduous task. You determine the level of MDM by looking at three aspects of the visit:
1. Number of possible diagnoses and/or management options
2. Amount and/or complexity of medical records, diagnostic tests and/or other information that is obtained, reviewed and analyzed
3. Risk of significant complications, morbidity and/or mortality including comorbidities associated with the patient's presenting problem(s), diagnostic procedure(s) and/or the possible management options

Unlock Reimbursement With Key Element of 'Risk'

Determining the level of risk can be the hardest of the three components because it requires more than just counting diagnosis options or lab tests ordered. Catherine Brink, CMM, CPC, president of Healthcare Resource Management of Spring Lake, N.J., says this category includes risks associated with the presenting problems, the diagnostic procedures, and the management options. The highest level of risk in any of these areas determines the overall risk. Take the four levels of risk as examples:

  • Minimal One minor problem. Diagnostic procedures include laboratory tests requiring venipuncture, x-rays, urinalysis, or ultrasounds. Management options include rest and simple bandages.
  • Low Two or more minor problems, one stable chronic illness, or an acute uncomplicated illness. Diagnostic procedures include superficial needle biopsies, laboratory tests requiring arterial puncture, noncardio-vascular imaging studies such as barium enema, and physiologic tests not under stress. Management options include over-the-counter drugs, minor surgery with no risk factors, therapy, and IV fluids without additives.
  • Moderate One or more chronic illnesses with mild exacerbation, two or more stable chronic illnesses, an undiagnosed problem, acute illness with systemic symptoms, or an acute complicated injury. Diagnostic procedures include physiologic tests under stress, diagnostic endoscopies with no risk factors, deep needle or incisional biopsy, cardiovascular imaging studies with contrast and no risk factors, and obtaining fluid from the body. Management options include minor surgery with identified risk factors, elective major surgery with no risk factors, prescription-drug management, therapeutic nuclear medicine, and IV fluid with additives.
  • High One or more chronic illnesses with severe exacerbation or progression, acute or chronic illnesses or injuries that may pose a threat to life or bodily function, or an abrupt change in neurologic status. Diagnostic procedures include imaging studies with contrast and identified risk factors, cardiac electrophysiological tests, and diagnostic endoscopies with risk factors. Management options include elective major surgery with risk factors, emergency major surgery, parenteral controlled substances, drug therapy requiring intensive monitoring for toxicity, and the decision not to resuscitate or to deescalate care because of poor prognosis.

    Add Diagnostic Options to the Mix

    Although determining the level of risk may be the most difficult for you, the number of diagnoses and treatment options should not be overlooked. According to CMS guidelines, the number of possible diagnoses and management options that must be considered is based on the number and types of problems addressed during the encounter, the complexity of establishing a diagnosis, and the management decisions made by the physician.

    You must document an assessment, clinical impression, or diagnosis for each encounter, along with the initiation or change in treatment and any consultations or referrals initiated. For a presenting problem with an established diagnosis, document whether the problem is (1) improved, well controlled, resolving, or resolved or (2) inadequately controlled, worsening, or failing to change as expected. You can use the number and type of diagnostic tests employed as an indicator of the number of possible diagnoses.

    Document Complexity of Data

    It is important for the physician to document the tests performed, tests reviewed, and past medical records reviewed, Brink says. If it is not documented, you cannot count it toward the complexity-of-data category of MDM. According to CMS, the amount and complexity of data to be reviewed are based on the types of diagnostic testing ordered and reviewed. The decision to obtain and review old medical records and the discussion of unexpected test results with the physician who performed or interpreted the tests is one indicator of the complexity of data to be reviewed.

    Clear Up the Confusion With Four Case Studies

    Considering the myriad information you have to assimilate to determine the level of MDM, you should take a look at the following examples provided by Joel Brill, MD, a gastroenterologist in Phoenix who is the American Gastroenterological Association representative to the CPT Editorial Advisory Committee and RBRVS Update Committee:

  • Scenario #1: Straightforward MDM. A 35-year-old female presents in the office for follow-up of effectiveness of medical management for hemorrhoids. The physician briefly reviews dietary recommendations and over-the-counter hemorrhoid creams.
  • Scenario #2: Low-Complexity MDM. A 30-year-old male, who is an established patient, presents in the office unable to tolerate current medications due to GI upset. He has new symptoms despite the therapy. He requires a change of systemic medication. The physician orders routine laboratory studies and prescribes alternative medications.
  • Scenario #3: Moderate MDM. An established patient with Crohn's disease presents in the office with diarrhea and fever. She is on medical therapy for the disease. The physician orders blood and stool tests. Dietary adjustments are recommended. He changes medication dosages, including high-dose Prednisone that requires a follow-up for possible side effects. He also discusses alternative medications, such as Remicade and Purinethol, and discusses the possibility of performing a colonoscopy if symptoms do not improve.
  • Scenario #4: High MDM. A 55-year-old established patient, who is three years postoperative for abdominal resection, presents in the office with rising carcinoembryonic antigen, weight loss, and pelvic pain. The differential includes recurrent neoplasm, bowel obstruction, or unrelated abdominal diseases. The physician requests old records and reviews recent laboratory studies. He also orders additional blood tests, a CT scan, and a colonoscopy, and discusses the workup with the patient and his family as well as the primary-care physician.
  • Scenario #5: Nurse Visit. An established patient comes to the office to receive a B-12 injection. The nurse administers the injection and observes the patient for a reaction. The patient also receives instruction on the administration of Interferon injections and a return-to-work certificate. You should bill 99211, since this service does not require the presence of a physician.

    Putting all of these components together to come up with a level of medical decision-making can be quite a task, so use the chart on page 31 to clear up your coding difficulties.

    The chart uses the method established by the Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) in its E/M Documentation Auditor's Worksheet, which helps quantify the components of MDM. Copies of the complete worksheet can be ordered from MGMA by calling (887) ASKMGMA. More examples of medical decision-making can be found in Appendix C of the CPT Manual. CMS' 1997 guidelines for the documentation of evaluation and management services are available at http://cms.hhs.gov/medlearn/emdoc.asp.

     

    • Other Articles in this issue of

    Gastroenterology Coding Alert

    View All